Three centuries later, Paris can no longer compete with other metropolises without its agglomerations, which is revealed by its dependency on the Grand Paris. The Compositional Facades of the Necropolisīehind the Facades: Voids as Generators of SurvivalĪ shift of polarity of the centre of Paris developed from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century as a consequence of the industrialization, when it created a capitalist Paris for investors. The concept of heterotopia will further be used as the potential emplacement for the city of Paris to generate a design proposal, an environment defined by a new social and economic diagram.

This differs from existing research, as it will not try to define heterotopia as another space, but rather to locate it at the precise moment when the shift from norm to exception occurs. This research, based on the dogmatic notions of norm and exception, will therefore try to provide a spatial definition to Foucault’s concept of heterotopia. The thesis posits that the moment of this shift is the precise location where Michel Foucault’s concept of heterotopia is formed and can be identified. The research problematizes how the shift from a Norm to an Exception occur s as a necessary mechanism of either the planning and the concepts of cities to be affected and challenged. Hence, the reestablishment or rethinking of a norm will become instrumental and useful to generate exceptions. This dissertation proposal, however, does not consider the norm as the end of an equation but rather as the beginning of something else: the exceptions. The norm is by definition considered stable. The majority of urban planning of cities is defined by the ideas of norms and rules, similarly that of Paris. Filipe Lourenco: The Haussmannian Heritage

Hilberseimer project for highrise city